NCERT Computer Science Class #11 – Chapter #3 Solutions

Chapter 3 – EMERGING TRENDS

1.  List some of the cloud-based services that you are using at present.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):

        Amazon Web Services (AWS)

        Microsoft Azure

        Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

Platform as a Service (PaaS):

        Heroku

        Red Hat OpenShift

Software as a Service (SaaS):

        Salesforce

        Google Workspace

        Microsoft 365

2. What do you understand by the Internet of Things? List some of its potential applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices that collect and exchange data over the internet, enabling automation and enhanced efficiency across various sectors.

Potential Applications of IoT

Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats and security systems controlled remotely.

Wearable Technology: Fitness trackers and smartwatches monitoring health metrics.

Industrial IoT (IIoT): Sensors in manufacturing for performance monitoring and predictive maintenance.

Smart Cities: IoT for traffic management and energy monitoring.

Agriculture: Devices monitoring soil and crop health for precision farming.

Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring systems tracking vital signs.

Supply Chain Management: RFID tags for real-time inventory tracking.

Connected Vehicles: Cars with sensors for navigation and safety features.

These applications illustrate how IoT is transforming industries and improving efficiency.

3. Write short notes on following:

(a) Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet, including storage, servers, databases, software, and analytics. It allows users to access resources without managing physical infrastructure, resulting in cost savings and scalability. Key service models include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) for virtualized resources, Platform as a Service (PaaS) for application development, and Software as a Service (SaaS) for web-based applications. Deployment options include public clouds operated by third parties, private clouds for specific organizations, and hybrid clouds that combine both. The flexibility and efficiency of cloud computing make it essential for businesses looking to innovate and adapt to changing demands.

(b) Big data and its Characteristics

Big data refers to the enormous volumes of structured and unstructured data generated at high speed from various sources. Its key characteristics are often summarized as the "5 Vs":

Volume: The vast amount of data, often in terabytes or petabytes.

Velocity: The speed at which data is created and processed, requiring real-time analysis.

Variety: The diverse types of data (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured) from sources like social media and sensors.

Veracity: The accuracy and reliability of the data, essential for informed decision-making.

Value: The importance of extracting meaningful insights to drive business benefits.

These characteristics are crucial for effectively leveraging big data in applications such as predictive analytics and improving customer experiences.

4. Explain the following along with their applications.

(a) Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence in machines, enabling them to perform tasks that typically require human cognitive functions such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

1. Healthcare

Diagnosis: AI analyzes medical images and patient data for disease detection.

Drug Discovery: Speeds up the identification of potential drug candidates.

2. Finance

Fraud Detection: Monitors transactions to identify suspicious activities.

Risk Assessment: Evaluates risks associated with investments and loans.

3. E-commerce

Recommendation Systems: Suggests products based on user behavior.

Customer Support: Utilizes chatbots for instant assistance.

4. Transportation

Autonomous Vehicles: Powers self-driving cars using sensors and algorithms.

Traffic Management: Optimizes routes to reduce congestion.

5. Manufacturing

Predictive Maintenance: Anticipates equipment failures to minimize downtime.

Quality Control: Ensures product standards through machine learning.

6. Education

Personalized Learning: Adapts educational content to individual student needs.

Administrative Automation: Streamlines administrative tasks in schools.

7. Entertainment

Content Creation: Generates music, art, and scripts.

Gaming: Enhances gameplay with responsive AI characters.

8. Social Media

Content Curation: Determines relevant posts for user feeds.

Misinformation Detection: Identifies and flags false information.

Conclusion

AI is transforming various industries by automating processes, enhancing decision-making, and personalizing user experiences, making it a pivotal technology in today's world.

(b) Machine Learning

Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that allows systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time without explicit programming. It uses algorithms to identify patterns and make predictions based on new data.

Applications of Machine Learning

1. Image Recognition

Eg: Social media platforms use ML for automatic tagging in photos.

2. Speech Recognition

Eg: Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa interpret voice commands.

3. Product Recommendations

Eg: E-commerce sites like Amazon suggest products based on user behavior.

4. Fraud Detection

Eg: Banks use ML to monitor transactions for fraudulent activity.

5. Self-Driving Cars

Eg: Companies like Tesla use ML for navigation and decision-making in autonomous vehicles.

6. Healthcare

Eg: ML assists in diagnosing diseases by analyzing medical images.

7. Sentiment Analysis

Eg: Businesses analyze customer reviews to gauge public sentiment.

8. Predictive Analytics

Eg: Retailers forecast inventory needs based on buying patterns.

9. Email Filtering

Eg: Email services like Gmail filter spam using ML algorithms.

10. Language Translation

Eg: Google Translate uses ML for real-time text translation.

Conclusion

Machine learning enhances various industries by improving efficiency and accuracy, with applications ranging from healthcare to e-commerce and beyond. Its ability to learn from data makes it a powerful tool for innovation.

5. Differentiate between cloud computing and grid computing with suitable examples.

Cloud Computing

Definition: Cloud computing provides on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (like servers, storage, applications) over the internet. It is managed centrally by service providers.Key Features:

Architecture: Follows a client-server model.

Resource Management: Resources are centrally managed, allowing for easy scalability.

Accessibility: Highly accessible via standard web protocols.

Cost Structure: Users typically pay on a pay-per-use basis.

Flexibility: Offers a wide range of services and applications.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) allows users to access scalable storage and computing resources as needed.

Grid Computing

Definition: Grid computing involves pooling resources from multiple computers to work together on complex tasks, often for scientific or research purposes. It focuses on resource sharing among distributed systems.Key Features:

Architecture: Utilizes a distributed architecture.

Resource Management: Managed collaboratively among various nodes.

Accessibility: Requires specific middleware for access, making it less straightforward than cloud computing.

Scalability: Generally less scalable; often used for specific tasks rather than on-demand services.

Cost Structure: Typically free to use after initial setup; no direct payment per usage.

Example: SETI@home is a project that uses grid computing to analyze data from radio telescopes by distributing the workload across many volunteer computers worldwide.

Conclusion

In summary, cloud computing is ideal for scalable and flexible service delivery via centralized management, while grid computing focuses on collaborative resource sharing to tackle complex computational problems.

6. Justify the following statement: 

    “Storage of data is cost-effective and time saving in cloud computing.”

    Above statement can be justified as follows:

Cost-Effectiveness

Reduced Hardware Costs: Organizations avoid high upfront investments in physical servers and storage by using cloud infrastructure provided by service providers.

Pay-as-You-Go Model: Businesses only pay for the storage they use, avoiding costs associated with over-provisioning.

Lower Operational Costs: Cloud services reduce expenses related to maintenance, electricity, and staffing, as these are managed by the provider.

Economies of Scale: Cloud providers can offer lower prices due to shared resources and larger-scale operations.

Time-Saving

Quick Deployment: Cloud storage can be set up in minutes, compared to the lengthy installation processes of traditional systems.

Automatic Updates: Providers handle software updates and maintenance, freeing IT staff to focus on strategic tasks.

Scalability: Businesses can easily adjust their storage needs without extensive planning or new hardware investments.

Simplified Access: Data is accessible from anywhere with an internet connection, enhancing collaboration and productivity.

Conclusion

Overall, cloud computing offers a cost-effective and time-saving solution for data storage, making it an attractive option for organizations looking to optimize their data management.

7. What is on-demand service? How it is provided in cloud computing?

On-Demand Service 

On-demand services allow consumers to access goods or services instantly as needed, facilitated by technology. Examples include ride-sharing apps, food delivery services, and streaming platforms.

On-Demand Services in Cloud Computing

In cloud computing, on-demand services provide users with immediate access to computing resources like storage and processing power, typically through a pay-as-you-go model.

Benefits:

Scalability: Resources can be adjusted based on demand.

Cost Efficiency: Users only pay for what they use.

Flexibility: Quick adaptation to changing requirements.

Types of Cloud Services:

Software as a Service (SaaS): Applications accessed online (e.g., Google Workspace).

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Virtualized computing resources (e.g., AWS).

Platform as a Service (PaaS): Tools for developers to build applications (e.g., Microsoft Azure).

In summary, on-demand services enhance convenience and efficiency in both everyday life and cloud computing environments.

8. Write examples of the following:

a. Government provided cloud computing platform

MeghRaj: Launched by the Government of India, MeghRaj is an initiative aimed at optimizing the delivery of e-services through cloud computing.

b. Large scale private cloud service providers and the services they provide

Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), IBM Cloud, Oracle Cloud.

9. A company interested in cloud computing is looking for a provider who offers a set of basic services, such as virtual server provisioning and on demand storage that can be combined into a platform for deploying and running customised applications. What type of cloud computing model fits these requirements?

a) Platform as a Service

b) Software as a Service

c) Application as a Service

d) Infrastructure as a Service

The cloud computing model that best fits the requirements of a company looking for virtual server provisioning and on-demand storage to deploy and run customized applications is Platform as a Service (PaaS).

10. If the government plans to make a smart school by applying IoT concepts, how can each of the following be implemented in order to transform a school into IoT-enabled smart school?

 a) e-textbooks

Use cloud platforms for access on various devices with interactive features. Reduces physical textbooks, allows real-time updates.

b) Smart boards

Connect to the IoT network for interactive lessons and content sharing.

c) Online Tests

Utilize online platforms for assessments with real-time monitoring. Immediate feedback and analytics.

d) Wifi sensors on classrooms doors

 Install sensors to track entry and exit. Automates attendance and enhances security.

e) Sensors in buses to monitor their location

Equip buses with GPS for real-time tracking.

f) Wearables (watches or smart belts) for attendance monitoring

Use RFID or Bluetooth-enabled wearables for automatic attendance

11. Five friends plan to try a startup. However, they have a limited budget and limited computer infrastructure. How can they avail the benefits of cloud services to launch their startup?

To launch their startup with a limited budget and infrastructure, the five friends can leverage cloud services in the following ways:

Cost Efficiency

Pay-as-You-Go: Use cloud resources only as needed, reducing upfront costs.

Scalability

Dynamic Resources: Easily scale up or down based on demand without heavy investments.

Access to Advanced Technologies

Cloud Tools: Utilize AI and analytics without significant upfront costs.

Collaboration

Real-Time Access: Enable team collaboration from anywhere, boosting productivity.

Security and Recovery

Built-In Security: Benefit from robust security and disaster recovery options.

By utilizing these strategies, the friends can effectively launch their startup while managing costs and enhancing flexibility.

12. Governments provide various scholarships to students of different classes. Prepare a report on how blockchain technology can be used to promote accountability, transparency and efficiency in distribution of scholarships ?

Blockchain technology can enhance accountability, transparency, and efficiency in scholarship distribution through the following mechanisms:

Accountability

Immutable Records: All transactions related to scholarships are permanently recorded, preventing alterations and ensuring accountability.

Audit Trails: Time-stamped transactions allow for easy auditing of the entire distribution process, helping to identify any discrepancies or fraud.

Transparency

Open Access: Stakeholders can access the blockchain ledger to verify the status of applications and disbursements in real-time.

Clear Criteria: Smart contracts automate eligibility checks based on predefined criteria, ensuring only qualified candidates receive funds.

Efficiency

Streamlined Processes: Automation through smart contracts reduces the need for intermediaries, speeding up application approvals and fund disbursement.

Reduced Costs: Eliminating intermediaries lowers administrative costs, allowing more funds to reach students directly.

Enhanced Security

Data Protection: Cryptographic techniques secure sensitive student information against hacking and fraud.

Decentralization: The decentralized nature of blockchain enhances overall system security by eliminating single points of failure.

Conclusion

By implementing blockchain technology, governments can create a more accountable, transparent, and efficient scholarship distribution system that ensures fair allocation of funds to deserving students.

14. Here’s the correct matching of the columns based on the descriptions provided: